This volume is an outcome of studies conducted over the past three years in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal respectively under the auspices of Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad (BUP), Centre for Policy Research (CPR), and Institute for Integrated Development Studies (IIDS). The process involved, first, the preparation, over about two years, of a national volume in• each country dealing with water, its utilization and related subjects, focusing on the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) region, and, then, joint efforts by the three institutes spanning over about one year resulting in this volume. e As the national volumes were being prepared, research teams from the three institutes met from time to time and exchanged ideas and relevant materials and commented upon one another's drafts. However, all responsibility for each national volume remains with the national institute/authors. The regional volume is largely based on the national volumes. Its chapters were drafted by designated scholars from the three institutes, which were then jointly read, edited and agreed upon by the contributors to and the editors of the volume. The task took several meetings of the contributors and editors to complete. The meetings were held • in Dhaka, New Delhi, and Kathmandu, always in a truly cooperative spirit. Understandably, country perspectives differed on certain issues. Efforts were made to find common ground and develop a common understanding of keeping common good in view. Wherever this could not be achieved, differences in perspectives have been stated. It may be mentioned here that the three national volumes contain national perspectives in some detail on various issues. However, it is believed that this team of scholars from Bangladesh, India, and Nepal has succeeded in jointly suggesting ways of breaking, the logjam and moving forward in a cooperative spirit in harnessing the Eastern Himalayan rivers for the equitable benefit of all concerned. The most powerful idea behind this work and the call being made through it for cooperative efforts among the countries concerned is that such efforts, particularly in harnessing, the eastern iiimaliaN'an risers, constitute a win-win positive for all the parts: importing countries. It is important in this conte\t that short-term critical need the countries slit' urgently addressed; and, the time„ I longer term still wider view from human development vise, it's replied,'(,4 the hitherto ruling narrow that con, haul, human rogue
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We wish to acknowledge the significant number of government agencies, NGOs, other organizations, and individuals who work tirelessly every day in tobacco control. Without their enthusiasm and dedication to the issues of tobacco control and poverty reduction, the types of networks described in this guide would not exist. In particular, we thank our partners who shared their many experiences and lessons learned with us as this guide was produced. The contributors to this guide include: Joy Alampay, Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance Jacqui Drope, American Cancer Society Prakash Gupta, Healis â Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health (India) Le Viet Hoa, HealthBridge (Vietnam) Maïga Djibo Ibrahim, SOS TabagismeâNiger Paula Johns, Aliança de Controle do Tabagismo (ACT) (Brazil) Mirta A. Molinari, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union) Shanta Lall Mulmi, Resource Center for Primary Health Care (RECPHEC) (Nepal) Md. Rashedujjaman Shamim, WBB Trust (Bangladesh) Yvona Tous, Framework Convention Alliance
The image and worth of an organization are mirrored in its performance, it is said. This judgment is more relevant when it comes to organizations, whose mandate is to provide public services. Hence, in order to achieve higher levels of efficiency and greater effectiveness in operations, many organizations have systems in place to measure their own performance that help in strategic decision-making and long-range planning.
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The cities of the world have been growing very fast after the Second World War, more specifically during the late 20th century. Cities grew where there was scope for business, trade and commerce; and also as centers of education, culture, and so on . So cities have been drawing people to themselves for many reasons. Even then cities were much smaller in terms of space compared to the rural areas.
Soil and water conservation engineering is the application of engineering principles to the solution of soil and water management problems. The conservation of these vital resources implies utilization without waste so as to make possible a high level of production that can be continued indefinitely.
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The concept of safety is probably as old as the history of mankind. From ancient times, even predating to his existence in the form of apes, man has been directing his efforts to protect himself and his belongings from danger danger from nature, from animals and other men.
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The atmosphere, which makes up the largest fraction of the biosphere, is a dynamic system that continuously absorbs a wide range of solids, liquids, and gases from both natural and man-made sources. These substances travel through air, disperse, and react with one another and with other substances both physically and chemically. Most of these constituents, eventually find their way into a depository such as the ocean, or to a receptor such as man. Some substances such as helium, however, escape from the biosphere. Others such as carbon dioxide, may enter the atmosphere faster than they enter a reservoir and thus gradually accumulate in the air. Clean, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen by volume and 20.94% oxygen. The remaining 0.97% is composed of a gaseous mixture of carbon dioxide, helium, argon, krypton, nitrous oxide and xenon, as well as very small amounts of some other organic and inorganic gases whose amount in the atmosphere vary with time and place. Various amounts of contaminants continuously enter the atmosphere through both natural and man-made processes that exist upon the earth. That portion of these substances which interacts with the environment to cause toxicity, disease, aesthetic distress, physiological effects or environmental decay, has been labelled by man as a 'pollutant'. In general, the actions of people are the primary cause of pollution and as the population increases, the attendant pollution problems also increase proportionately. The first significant change in man's effect on nature came with his discovery of fire. Prehistoric man built a fire in his cave for cooking, heating, and to provide light. The problem of air pollution came into existence at this time. The British Parliament passed an Act in 1273, forbidding the burning of coal in London because it was beginning to choke the atmosphere. In 1300, King Edward I issued a royal proclamation, "Whosoever shall be found guilty of burning coal shall suffer the loss of his head." In 1306, a man was executed for violating this regulation. Later, the lay., fell into disuse as the industrial revolution took place in England. Air pollution is basically the presence of foreign substances in air. Some specific definitions of air pollution are given below.
-Air pollution means the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants, such as dust, fumes, gas, mist, odor, smoke, or vapor, in quantities, with characteristics, and of durations such as to be injurious to human, plan,
This book contains two research reports: 1) Tobacco Cultivation and Poverty in Bangladesh: Suggestions for Appropriate Policies on Agriculture, Environment and Health and 2) Tobacco Taxation and Poverty in Bangladesh: Research and Recommendations.
Natural air pollution problem on the earth are as old as the Earth itset. Volcanoes, fumaroles, natural fires, and desert dust have all contributed to natural air pollution.
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The Changing world Climate is one of the most important challenges humanity is now facing. Hundreds of millions of people, their cultures and societies are going to be affected by the change in climate. The developing nations including Bangladesh ave the least role in changing the climate. But these countries are the most risk.
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Climate Change, Water and water quality issues emerge as an indispensible element and challenges in modern development paradigms. It is most formidable for Bangladesh; as it is a country of rivers, holds in odd geographic situation and most disaster vulnerable prone; all of which are originated from water consequences/born.
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Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle cunt and other meteorological elemental measurements in a given region over long periods. Climate can be contrasted to weather, which is the present condition of these elements and their variations over shorter periods.
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