This publication focuses on the impact of tariff orders (distribution) issued by nine SERCs (state electricity regulatory commissions) in India during 2003/04, 2004/05, and 2005/06. The states covered are Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Jharkhand, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal. The analysis has been undertaken based on data and information available up to January 2007. The book assesses whether the orders have resulted in reducing regulatory uncertainty and information asymmetry, and led to better performance of the distribution utilities. Different indicators have been used to assess the impact on consumption and access, efficiency, financial performance, competition, and consumer-related issues in the power sector of these states. In addition, various parameters have been studied to assess whether the regulatory systems follow the principles of good regulation in these nine states. br> The commercial loss (without subsidy) incurred by state power utilities increased from Rs 197 220 million in 2003/04 to Rs 221 290 million in 2004/05. In view of the huge losses being incurred by the utilities, the tariff determination function forms a central part of the reform process. A comprehensive survey of tariff orders issued by these SERCs for the distribution licensees has been undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of regulatory orders in the electricity sector. It assesses whether the orders have resulted in reducing regulatory uncertainty and information asymmetry and better performance of the distribution utilities. However, tariff orders are only one index of the effectiveness of the regulatory commissions. It is recognized that there are many other important functions of the SERCs besides tariff-setting, and some of them have also been covered in this study. In addition, other documents available in the public domain, including the Power Sector Rating Report, prepared by the Ministry of Power, Annual Report on the Regulation in practice: impact of tariff orders on the Indian electricity sector Working of State Electricity Boards and Electricity Departments, 1 and the Report on Restructuring of APDRP (Accelerated Power Development and Reform Programme),2 were also studied.
আমাদের দেশে ইলেক্ট্রনিক্সে আগ্রহী অনেক ছেলে-মেয়ে রয়েছে। কিন্তু তাদের হাতের কাছে এ বিষয় সম্পর্কে তেমন কোন উদ্ভাবনী মূলক বই-পত্র নেই। তাদের সকলের কথা ভেবেই আমাদের বাংলাদেশের কিছু শ্রেষ্ঠ পুরস্কার প্রাপ্ত ক্ষুদে ইলেক্ট্রনিক্স প্রযুক্তিবিদ এবং ভারতের পশ্চিম বঙ্গের বিভিন্ন স্থানের শ্রেষ্ঠ ক্ষুদে ইলেক্ট্রনিক্স হবিষ্টদের কিছু বাছা বাছা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ প্রজেক্ট দিয়ে এই বইটি সাজানাে হয়েছে। তাছাড়া যারা এ বিষয়ে অপেক্ষাকৃত নবীন তাদের সুবিধার জন্য এই বইটিকে দুটি অংশে ভাগ করা হয়েছে। প্রথম অংশে তাদের জন্য রয়েছে ইলেক্ট্রনিক্সএর প্রাথমিক কিছু কথা-বার্তা, ইলেক্ট্রনিক্সের নানা রকম যন্ত্রাংশের সঙ্গে সংক্ষিপ্ত পরিচয় ইত্যাদি । এবং বইয়ের দ্বিতীয় অংশে রয়েছে প্রায় ৬৫টির মতাে বিভিন্ন রকমের ইলেক্ট্রনিক্স প্রজেক্ট। এই প্রজেক্টগুলির কিছু কিছু সহজ ও কিছু কিছু একটু অপেক্ষাকৃত জটিল। সচিত্র সার্কিট ডায়াগ্রাম সহ সেগুলির বিবরণ ও উপকরণ তালিকা আকারে লেখা হয়েছে।
এই বইটি সম্পাদনা করতে আমাকে বিভিন্ন সময়ে বিভিন্নভাবে সাহায্য করছেন আমার স্নেহের অনুজ সুব্রত সাহা । যে নিজেও একজন ইলেক্ট্রনিক্স প্রযুক্তিবিদ। তাছাড়া এ বিষয়ে বিশেষজ্ঞ অনেকেই বিভিন্ন সময়ে বিভিন্ন প্রজেক্টগুলি পরীক্ষা-নিরীক্ষা করে দেখেছেন। তাঁদের সকলের কাছে আমি চিরকৃতজ্ঞ। সবশেষে কৃতজ্ঞতা জানাই অনুপম প্রকাশনীর স্বত্ত্বাধিকারী শ্রী মিলন নাথ মহােদয়কে , যার ঐকান্তিক সাহায্য-সহযােগীতা ও অনুপ্রেরণা না পেলে এই বইটি বােধ হয় প্রকাশের মুখই দর্শন করতাে না। তাই তাকেও আমার পক্ষে থেকে জানাই অশেষ কৃতজ্ঞতা ও অভিনন্দন।
নির্দ্বিধায় বলা যায়, ইলেকট্রনিকস আধুনিক বিজ্ঞানের এক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ শাখা। টেলিভিশন, কম্পিউটার, রােবট বা যন্ত্রমানব-এর সবই বিস্ময়কর উদ্ভাবন ইলেকট্রনিকসেরই অবদান। বর্তমান ইলেকট্রনিকসের যে বিপুল উন্নতি ঘটেছে তার সব কিছু আয়ত্ত করে নেওয়া বিজ্ঞান না জানা সাধারণ মানুষের পক্ষে সম্ভবপর নয়। এ জন্য চাই দীর্ঘ দিনের একনিষ্ঠ অনুশীলন। বড় মাপের কোনাে ইলেকট্রনিকস যন্ত্রও গড়ে ওঠে ছােট ছােট কতকগুলাে প্রাথমিক সার্কিটের সমাবেশে। তবে প্রাথমিক সার্কিটগুলাের কার্যপদ্ধতি যে কেউ হাতেকলমে আয়ত্ত করে নিতে পারে বাড়িতে বসেই। প্রয়ােজনীয় সাজ-সরঞ্জাম সংগ্রহ করে যে কেউ বাড়িতে বসেই ইলেকট্রনিকসের অনেক মজাদার এবং চমকপ্রদ সার্কিট তৈরি করে তাদের ক্রিয়া কৌশল প্রত্যক্ষ করতে পারে। ফলে সহজেই তারা জটিলতর ইলেকট্রনিকস যন্ত্রপাতির কার্যপদ্ধতিও অনুধাবন করতে পারবে। ওই সব ছােটখাটো সার্কিটের সঙ্গে পরিচিত হলে তারা যে কেবল ইলেকট্রনিকস সম্পর্কে ব্যবহারিক অভিজ্ঞতাই লাভ করবে তা নয়, ইলেকট্রনিকসের বিস্ময়কর জগৎটিও তাদের চোখে ধরা দেবে।
চশমা সম্বন্ধে জানতে গেলে প্রথমে চোখ ও চোখের ক্রটি সম্বন্ধে জানা দরকার। চোখের বাইরের আবরণকে বলে সূক্লেরা (Sclers)। সক্লেরার সামনের অংশকে বলে অচ্ছেদপটল (Cornea)। অচ্ছেদপটলের ঠিক পিছনের অস্বচ্ছ পদার্থটাকে বলে কনীনিকা (Iris)। কনীনিকার মাঝখানে একটা ছােট ছিদ্র থাকে, একে বলে | তারারন্ধ্র (Pupil)। এর পিছনেই থাকে উভােত্তোল লেন্স (double convex lens)। অক্ষিগােলকের (Eye ball) পিছনের অংশকে বলে অক্ষিপট (Retina)। অচ্ছেদপটল ও লেন্সের মধ্যবর্তী স্থান এবং লেন্স ও চক্ষুগােলকের মধ্যবর্তীস্থানের মধ্যে যে জলীয় পদার্থ থাকে তাকে যথাক্রমে অ্যাকুয়াস হিউমার (Aqueous Humour) ও ভিট্রিয়াস টিউমার (vitreous Humon) বলা হয়।
A graduate textbook presenting the underlying physics behind devices that drive today's technologies. The book covers important details of structural properties, bandstructure, transport, optical and magnetic properties of semiconductor structures. Effects of low-dimensional physics and strain - two important driving forces in modern device technology - are also discussed. In addition to conventional semiconductor physics the book discusses self-assembled structures, mesoscopic structures and the developing field of spintronics. The book utilizes carefully chosen solved examples to convey important concepts and has over 250 figures and 200 homework exercises. Real-world applications are highlighted throughout the book, stressing the links between physical principles and actual devices. Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconductor Structures provides engineering and physics students and practitioners with complete and coherent coverage of key modern semiconductor concepts. A solutions manual and set of viewgraphs for use in lectures are available for instructors, from solutions@cambridge.org.
Based on William Stevenson's classic, Elements of Power System Analysis, this new senior/graduate text offers a completely modern update of this popular textbook. Covering such topics as power flow, power-system stability and transmission lines, the book teaches the fundamental topics of power system analysis accompanied by logical discussions and numerous examples.
This complete introductory book assists readers in developing the ability to understand and analyze both continuous and discrete-time systems. The author presents the most widely used techniques of signal and system analysis in a highly readable and understandable fashion. For anyone interested in Signals & Systems, and Transform Theory.
The Third Edition of CMOS Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation continues to cover the practical design of both analog and digital integrated circuits, offering a vital, contemporary view of a wide range of analog/digital circuit blocks including: phase-locked-loops, delta-sigma sensing circuits, voltage/current references, op-amps, the design of data converters, and much more. Regardless of one's integrated circuit (IC) design skill level, this book allows readers to experience both the theory behind, and the hands-on implementation of, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) IC design via detailed derivations, discussions, and hundreds of design, layout, and simulation examples.
The 4th edition of this classic text provides a thorough coverage of RF and microwave engineering concepts, starting from fundamental principles of electrical engineering, with applications to microwave circuits and devices of practical importance. Coverage includes microwave network analysis, impedance matching, directional couplers and hybrids, microwave filters, ferrite devices, noise, nonlinear effects, and the design of microwave oscillators, amplifiers, and mixers. Material on microwave and RF systems includes wireless communications, radar, radiometry, and radiation hazards. A large number of examples and end-of-chapter problems test the reader's understanding of the material. The 4th edition includes new and updated material on systems, noise, active devices and circuits, power waves, transients, RF CMOS circuits, and more.
Power System Engineering is among the most well-known works of the two famous authors, D Kothari and I Nagrath, and is a popular book among the target audience. This volume is a revised version with a few added topics. The introduction has been made elaborate with the addition of topics like voltage stability, overhead line insulators, neutral grounding, and corona.
There is an appendix section which gives MATLab and SIMULINK program methods for power quality and power systems analysis. Additionally, there is a more useful material in this edition in the form of solved examples, additional questions, and objective questions to familiarise the reader with the subject matter. With the chapter wise arrangement of the book’s topics, the chapters include inductance, resistance of transmission lines, capacitance, power system components, and others.
A balance of theory, worked & extended examples, practice problems, and real-world applications, combined with over 468 new or changed homework problems complete the sixth edition. Robust media offerings, renders this text to be the most comprehensive and student-friendly approach to linear circuit analysis out there. This book retains the "Design a Problem" feature which helps students develop their design skills by having the student develop the question, as well as the solution. There are over 100 "Design a Problem" exercises integrated into problem sets in the book.
In the present edition, chapter have been updated according to the latest syllabus. A notable feature is the inclusion of chapter on " Neutral Grounding". A large number of practical problems are given to make the book more useful to the students.
Table of Content :
1. Factor Improvement 2. Supply Systems 3. Mechanical Design Of Overhead Lines 4. Electrical Design Of Overhead Lines 5. Performance Of Transmission Lines 6. Underground Cabels 7. Distribution Systems General 8. D.C. Distribution 9. A.C. Distribution 10. Voltage Control 11. Introduction To Switchgear 12. Symmetrical Fault Calculations 13. Unsymmetrical Fault Calculations 14. Circuit Breakers 15. Fuses 16. Protective Relays 17. Protection Of Alternators And Transformers 18. Protection Of Busbars And Lines 19. Protection Against Over Voltages 20. Substations 21. Index
The fifth edition of electronic devices and circuits is designed for undergraduate engineering courses of electrical and electronics, instrumentation and control, and electronics and instrumentation. Earlier editions of this popular book already feature as one of the main recommended textbooks in several courses related to electronic devices and circuits of some of the major universities around the world. This edition offers a more complete coverage of the syllabuses of various universities, including those in india. Apart from a new chapter on active filters, this edition also covers circuit testing and troubleshooting methods, rc and lc power supply filters, tuned circuit amplifiers, and class c amplifiers. The book provides lucid explanations of the operation of all important electronic devices generally available today.
The electric power system is a highly complex and dynamic entity. One malfunction or a carelessly set relay can jeopardize the entire grid. Power system protection as a subject offers all the elements of intrigue, drama, and suspense while handling fault conditions in real life. The book reflects many years of experience of the authors in teaching this subject matter to undergraduate electrical engineering students.
Blending traditional mechanical engineering material with computer science and control theoretical concepts, the text covers a range of topics, including rigid-body transformations, forward and inverse positional kinematics, velocities and Jacobians of linkages, dynamics, linear and non-linear control, force control methodologies, mechanical design aspects, and robotic programming
This book is an extensive rewritten version of the first edition, and a substantial amount of new material has been added to reflect changes in technology and curricula. The text, divided into five major sections, is organized to provide maximum pedagogical flexibility without loss of continuity. Thus, the individual faculty member can adapt the material to a number of different courses which suit the needs and interests of both students and professors.
This market-leading Microelectronics Circuits textbook continues its standard of excellence and innovation built on the solid pedagogical foundation that Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith have shared with more than one million students to date. All material is thoroughly updated to reflect changes in technology. These technological changes have shaped the book's organization and topical coverage, making it the most up-to-date resource available for tomorrow's engineers learning how to analyze and design electronic circuits. The 'must-cover' topics are placed first in each chapter, the more specialized material appears last. Chapters 1to 5 are organized to form a coherent single-semester introductory course. Similarly, Chapters 6 to 9 and 13 present a body of material for a second one-semester course.
Engineering Circuit Analysis is most suitable for engineering students. In this book, learners are acquainted with the intricacies of linear electric circuits from a practical engineering perspective. This edition of Engineering Circuit Analysis contains 19 chapters aimed at developing methodical problem-solving skills of the learners. It enables the learners to apply the concept of computer aided analysis to verify calculations done manually as well as the solutions to open ended problems. The book has a learner friendly approach.There are more than 1000 new and revised end of chapter problems including the introduction of Chapter Integrating Exercises at the end of each problem set. The text provides lots of opportunities for hands-on learning. The concept of active filters including the the analysis and design of multiple-stage Butterworth filter has been explained in detail. Basic terms are clearly defined and explained in detail. There are ample numerical problems complementing the subject matter. Information on MATLAB and PSpice has been updated.
This text introduces basic communication concepts and circuits, including modulation techniques, radio transmitters and receivers. In addition, it discusses antennas and microwave techniques at a technician level and covers data communication techniques (modems, local area networks, fiber optics, satellite communication) and advanced applications (cellular telephones, facsimile and radar). The work is suitable for courses in Communications Technology. This edition includes performance objectives and critical thinking questions for every chapter, as well as updated television technology and spread spectrum in data communications.
Introduction to Heat and Mass Transfer is the gold standard of heat transfer pedagogy for more than 30 years, with a commitment to continuous improvement by four authors having more than 150 years of combined experience in heat transfer education, research and practice. Using a rigorous and systematic problem-solving methodology pioneered by this text, it is abundantly filled with examples and problems that reveal the richness and beauty of the discipline. This edition maintains its foundation in the four central learning objectives for students and also makes heat and mass transfer more approachable with an additional emphasis on the fundamental concepts, as well as highlighting the relevance of those ideas with exciting applications to the most critical issues of today and the coming decades: energy and the environment. An updated version of Interactive Heat Transfer (IHT) software makes it even easier to efficiently and accurately solve problems.
